Manager may refer to as anyone who uses management skills or holds the organizational title of 'manager'. A manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group or individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary. Managers may direct workers directly or they may direct several supervisors who direct the workers. The manager must be familiar with the work of all the groups he/she, but does not need to be the best in any or all of the areas. Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves the selection of objectives, policies and programmes from among alternatives. It is the basic function of management.

It deals with chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance – what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving & decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of predetermined goals.

Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human & nonhuman resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc. If you want to lead effectively, you need to be able to make good decisions.

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If you can learn to do this in a timely and well-considered way, then you can lead your team to spectacular and well-deserved success. The techniques in this section help you to make the best decisions possible with the information you have available. They help you map out the likely consequences of decisions, work out the importance of individual factors, and choose the best courses of action. The section starts with some simple techniques that help you to make decisions where many factors are claiming your attention. It then moves on to explain more powerful techniques, such as use of Decision Trees, 6 Thinking Hats and Cost/Benefit Analysis, which are routinely used in commercial Decision Making. Delegation is the process which enables a person to assign a work to others and delegate them with adequate authority to do it.

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. According to Henry Fayol, “To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful or its functioning i.e. Raw material, tools, capital and personnel’s”. To organize a business involves determining & providing human and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Directing is that part of management process which actuates the members of an organization to work efficiently and effectively for the attainment of organizational goals. It includes making assignments, issuing orders and instructions, providing guidance and inspiration to subordinates for the achievement of organizational objectives. Directing is a complex function as it deals with people whose behaviour is unpredictable.

Effective direction is an art which a manager can learn and perfect through practice. Control is one of the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimized and stated goals of the organization are achieved in desired manner. It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals.

The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually occur. According to Theo Haimann, “Controlling is the process of checking whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary, to correct any deviation”.